Prejudice Defined :: Definition Essays

Prejudice Defined Each citizen within the American society has his own definition of the word prejudice. A person's translation of the word dictates his response to other people's prejudices. One interpretation of it could be a feeling of partiality resulting from a prejudgment that influences a person's thoughts, mindset, and behavior. Today's society usually associates negative connotations with the word prejudice. This is why the average American cringes or switches to self-defense mode when he hears the word uttered. However, prejudices do not have to be negative. For example, a prejudice, or prejudgment, can be made on a particular activity or location to determine whether or not a person places himself/herself there. A person's prejudice could help to keep them out of a harmful or even dangerous situation. The fact that a person has preconceived ideas, or prejudices, toward a particular setting or environment does not make the ideas negative. Therefore, those with a positive view need to reclaim the word from those with negative mindsets. Unfortunately, the most common association of the word prejudice is the feelings of hatred between whites and blacks. Prejudices have driven individual people groups to look down upon and mistreat other people groups because they are different. This interpretation of the word is wrong. Not only are individuals hurt, but society as a whole experiences a wave of disunity and ill feelings among the citizens. This demonstrates how prejudices can impact people's behavior and interaction with one another. Clearly, prejudices, or biases, need to become associated with positive, or harmless, feelings and emotions. Society needs to see that the word prejudice in and of itself is not negative; it is Prejudice Defined :: Definition Essays Prejudice Defined Each citizen within the American society has his own definition of the word prejudice. A person's translation of the word dictates his response to other people's prejudices. One interpretation of it could be a feeling of partiality resulting from a prejudgment that influences a person's thoughts, mindset, and behavior. Today's society usually associates negative connotations with the word prejudice. This is why the average American cringes or switches to self-defense mode when he hears the word uttered. However, prejudices do not have to be negative. For example, a prejudice, or prejudgment, can be made on a particular activity or location to determine whether or not a person places himself/herself there. A person's prejudice could help to keep them out of a harmful or even dangerous situation. The fact that a person has preconceived ideas, or prejudices, toward a particular setting or environment does not make the ideas negative. Therefore, those with a positive view need to reclaim the word from those with negative mindsets. Unfortunately, the most common association of the word prejudice is the feelings of hatred between whites and blacks. Prejudices have driven individual people groups to look down upon and mistreat other people groups because they are different. This interpretation of the word is wrong. Not only are individuals hurt, but society as a whole experiences a wave of disunity and ill feelings among the citizens. This demonstrates how prejudices can impact people's behavior and interaction with one another. Clearly, prejudices, or biases, need to become associated with positive, or harmless, feelings and emotions. Society needs to see that the word prejudice in and of itself is not negative; it is

Essay --

Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) closely parallel the obesity and insulin resistance epidemic. Current U.S. estimates project 70 million obese adults and an additional 70 million with hypertension and/or type II diabetes (28, 42, 45). More so, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), suggest a graded and continuous relationship exists between prevalent hypertension and increasing body mass index (BMI); a metric that is closely associated with insulin resistance and self-identified type II diabetes (8, 34). Latent diabetic vascular complications are a hallmark of the disease and known to significantly affect the cardiovascular and renal systems. Atherosclerosis is the main reason for decreased life expectancy in patients with diabetes, whereas diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the largest contributors to end-stage renal disease and blindness, respectively (37, 56). Current therapy is aimed at managing blood glucose concentrations and increasing insulin resistance. Thus, vascular complication mitigation includes: blood glucose monitoring and lowering, which decreases the risk of nephropathy and retinopathy. Antihypertensive medicine is also utilized to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy (15, 26). As well, hypertension is closely associated with stroke and pulmonary edema. Despite these advances, diabetes complications and their treatments are aimed at abating symptoms in an effort to improve physiological function. Atherosclerosis in Diabetes Atherosclerotic lesions in patients with diabetes are indistinguishable from lesions in patients in whom another characteristic, like hypercholesterolemia or smoking, is the major ... ...hole-body insulin resistance in skeletal muscles (11, 32, 43). It should not be discounted though that the MR also has a high affinity for both aldosterone and 11ÃŽ ²-hydroxy-glucocorticoids, which exist in lower levels in non-epithelial tissues that allow glucocorticoids to signal through the MR in cardiovascular and metabolic tissue such as skeletal muscle, liver and fat (72). Not a marginal point as insulin resistant populations have plasma glucocorticoid concentrations are greater than those of aldosterone and this may promote MR activation by glucocorticoids. Potentiating the oxidative stress in the cardio-renal metabolic syndrome (71). Indepdent of the in-/direct mechanism, the evidence of RAAS blockade or silencing can ameliorate oxidative stress, improves endothelial function and contributes to reductions of hypertension in the cardio-renal metabolic phenotype.

Humorous Best Man Speech :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Best Man Speech I would also like to thank you all for being here today to share in this very special occasion. Before I begin my traditional destruction of the groom’s character, I would just like to say again how lovely the bride looks today. This is actually the first time I have made a speech (as you can probably tell), and it is true when they say that its nerve racking. In fact I could go so far as to say that I feel about as comfortable as Osama Bin Laden in the Whitehouse. I only feel slightly better knowing that I am not the only one in the room who is apprehensive, but then again she has just married the groom. On the score of being nervous, I am sure that you have all heard the groom say over and over that he has not been at all nervous in the run up to today. Well, that all changed at about 9 o'clock this morning. I've known him for the best part of twenty-three years now and of course there are plenty of things I could tell you about what we were like as kids. Unfotunately, I did consult my solicitor and he tells me that we could still face prosecution, so maybe not. The groom was as born in the early part of 1973 and while I’m not saying that was an omen, events later that year included the oil crisis, the release of The Exorcist, and of course the introduction of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UK. His mom was only saying last night that he was a pretty baby who was often mistaken for a girl and that as a child he loved nothing more than sitting for hours staring blankly at the TV. No change there then mate! At five years of age, the groom started at the same school as me. I remember that he loved soccer and tried for the school team on every occasion. Unfortunately, he was found to be useless in every position (Turn to bride) Best of luck then! As I got to know him, I realized that here was a man who thrived on daredevil sports and laughed in the face of danger. I tell you, in those days the groom with a hula hoop was a sight to behold. As a kid he had a huge appetite for life, and this helped him become wise.

Cda Goal 6

Goal VI. Maintaining a Commitment to Professionalism Functional Area 13: Professionalism: Candidate makes decisions based on the knowledge of early childhood theories and practices; promotes quality in child care services; and takes advantage of opportunities to improve competence, both for personal and professional growth and for the benefit of children and families. I enjoy working with young children at my center, and I love teaching them new things and watching them get excited when they do something right or learn. I keep a positive attitude, because it is what is best for them to be around. I also try to help promote a positive atmosphere throughout the center. I strive to learn more about the development of children in my age group by reading articles and taking classes that will further my understanding. I keep informed about any new regulations that may have been put out. When I feel that a child needs any outside resources, such as speech therapy, I find that information for the parents and set up conferences to discuss options. I try to take care of myself so I have the energy to be effective in my classroom. I try to cooperate with other staff members in the center to make my classroom, as well as other rooms, the best it can be. I try to take criticism and learn from it, such as evaluations from supervisors and self evaluations of goals I have set for my classroom. I try to honor the philosophy of our program on a daily basis to the best of my ability.

Anne Hutchinson: A Pioneer Of Feminism And Religious Freedom Essay

I walked into the schoolroom, and I could see my children sitting in rows based on their grade. I had been asked by the teacher, Miss Ashbury, to come and talk about the remarkable journey that led me to the Narragansett, an Indian territory in the liberating colony of Rhode Island. I sat down in the creaky wooden rocking chair and began my tale: â€Å"Hello, children! I will be telling you the story of how I ended up in Rhode Island, where we all live. It all began a long time ago, when I first arrived here in America. â€Å"In a mere blink after I first set foot upon this mysterious, new land called America, two years flew by. The fall of 1636 was fast approaching. Leaves turned bright hues of yellows and orange, though mostly brown, and there was a subtle bite that crisply lingered about the air at daybreak. It was only five o’clock when I slipped out of the house, as silent as the night that had come and gone. This was my thinking time. Usually, I walked around the estat e, which lay just outside of Boston, and that day was no different. I most likely started my walk by reminiscing of my hometown in Mother England. Alford in Lincolnshire, England had been wonderfully picturesque and quaint. On July 20, 1591, I was baptized as Anne Marbury by my loving parents, Francis Marbury, a reverend, and Bridget Dryden, my wonderful mother. We moved around a lot, mostly because Father was banned from preaching at several churches due to his radical philosophies. In fact, he had been imprisoned and put under house arrest more than once (Reuben 2). I supposed the reflection of my childhood was brought about by the evening before. There had been the birth of the Atkins’ twin boys, Hugh and Silas, as well as the Doran’s, who had their firstborn, Humility (Barnett 1). Being one of the most trusted midwives in the area, of course I was there to help them (Reuben 2). Goody Atkins, after the successful delivery of two rosy cheeked boys, queried about when the next conventicle would be. I told her that they were held every Wednesday at two o’clock at my place. I told her that nearly fifty people, though mostly women, came regularly to discuss their beliefs about the great Puritan faith. What had begun as an intimate gathering had blossomed into a town-wide affair. She told me eagerly that once she was back on her feet, she would definitely join. I met her enthusiasm with even greater zeal on my part, recounting the numerous advancing theological thinkers that came. At this time, there were even a couple public religious leaders that had begun to join, like John Cotton, my idol and inspiration. An avid supporter of intellect, Sir Henry Vane, the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, appeared at a few recent meetings too. I found this was a terrific way to pass time in a culture where virtually every other activity was banned or considered sinful (2). The women who came to these meetings found them as an effective outlet to express their views on serious topics without being mocked, ignored, or worse, punished. In this society, a womanâ €™s voice was vanquished by the overpowering male population that governed the colony. â€Å"I had been out walking for an hour or so, and it was now six o’clock. The sun’s rays just brimmed over the horizon. Hurriedly, I went into the kitchen where William, to whom I owe the lovely surname Hutchinson, was. Bread, milk, and porridge were on the table, prepared for another glorious day (Olver 3). Filing down the stairs, all fifteen of my pious and healthy children greeted us each with a somnolent, â€Å"Good morning, Mother. Good morning, Father.† They shuffled around the table, said a prayer of thanks, and began to eat. Since it was a Saturday, we cleaned the home, dusted, polished, washed the laundry, and did other chores. It was to be spotless for the Lord’s Day. When everyone finished, it was supper time. Another meal and prayer of gratitude was enjoyed. After, we turned in early, ready for church the next day. â€Å"Ever since I could walk, I had been going to church. My father being a pastor, no matter how outrageous, I was brought to almost all his discourses. As an adult, I found the most amazing mentors. Clergymen John Cotton and John Wheelwright had both preached near Alford, Lincolnshire. Once, when we were still in England, I made the thirty mile trip to attend one of Reverend Cotton’s famed sermons. It was instant admiration of the utmost level. John Wheelwright had been introduced to me when I married William, since William’s sister Mary was married to Wheelwright. They influenced my beliefs and theories of religious and as chance would have it, wound up in the Boston area. My family attended the Boston Church, which had the largest congregation around (Lewis 2). Dressed in our Sunday best, we piled into the horse drawn wagon and headed to church for a blissful day of worship. Life could not be any better. â€Å"My days as a simple midwife and mother continued for a year, give or take. By then, a singularly particular thing had changed in regards to the meetings I held. Over a hundred people, men and women alike, now attended. They became biweekly. During these gatherings, I voiced my interpretations of Reverend Cotton’s and other ministers’ sermons. I elucidated that God did not have to speak to us through religious figures, such as priests; man could have his own personal relationship with Him. Moreover, I believed in salvation by grace, in that one could not prepare to be saved by performing virtuous deeds, which I knew upset many a congregation member. People disagreed with my sights, but, after all, this was the New World, a land of religious freedom, where people could believe what they wanted to and not be prosecuted for it, unlike in England. Oh, the irony of it all. Instead, I found the oppression of the Puritan faith, dare I say, even greater than that of the Anglican Church. Here, in Massachusetts, the Bible is law. No more, no less. But I disagreed, and this was accepted without much grace in the community (2). â€Å"John Winthrop, a politician who strongly opposed, nay, hated my opinions, ran against dear Governor Vane. After losing to Winthrop, the beloved Governor Vane returned to England in August. My brother-in-law John Wheelwright had been promoted to the head of the Boston Church some time before. Not long after Winthrop’s succession, Wheelwright was banned from the colony for alleged sedition. Then, the final leaf in the book of misfortune was turned. It was the fall of 1637, a scant year after I had thought of my life as the epitome of the New World success story. Reverend John Cotton, a man whom I respected and followed, turned against me. He joined forces with the powerful Governor John Winthrop. Together, they brought me before the colony’s General Court on the charges of sacrilegious views and sedition, not unlike my brother-in-law (2). I knew had no chance. My sex would be of no help either. Still, I had to try. â€Å"The trial was nothing more than a sham. The judges were the prosecutors and they were all Winthrop’s supporters. My followers had barred from activities that held any leverage in the community because of their theological dissent. The outcome was inevitable, so I publicly repented my sins in court, claimed to wholly espouse the orthodox Puritan ways, and prayed to God. Miraculously, I was permitted to stay, while under the custody of the sheriff Joseph Weld. During this time, I was brought to Reverend Cotton, where he and others attempted to further the orthodox ways into my morals. Not long after the trial ended, I could no longer accept the ludicrous ideals of the rigid Puritan culture and confessed to my true controversial views. On accounts of deceit under oath, I was tried again. Known as perjury, it is, put plainly, illegal. Immediately excommunicated by the Boston Church, I packed up my belongings, family, and moved to Rhode Island, dubbed â€Å"The Sewer.† I purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and have been living comfortably and at liberty ever since (2). â€Å"Today, I simply hope for a brighter future for your generation and those afterwards. Perhaps there will be justice and liberation for them, and I would certainly like to think that I, Anne Marbury Hutchinson, was proscribed from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a place I cherished, for the benefit of the future of mankind. Thank you.† Works Cited Barnett, Jill. â€Å"Colonial Names: Great Names from American History.† Nameberry.com. N.p., 20 Jan. 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Lewis, Jone Johnson. â€Å"Anne Hutchinson.† About.com Women’s History. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Olver, Lynne. â€Å"The Food Timeline: Colonial America.† The Food Timeline: Colonial America. Food Timeline, 21 Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Plant, David. â€Å"Sir Henry Vane (the Younger) 1613-62.† Sir Henry Vane, the Younger, 1613-62. British Civil Wars and Commonwealth Website, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Reuben, Paul P. â€Å"PAL: Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643).† PAL: Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643). N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. .

Success and failure of Mergers, Acquisition and divestiture process

According to the Cambridge’s Internationals Dictionary of English, a Merger is when two or more companies join together, Acquisition is buying of a business by another company and finally divestiture is a process when a company takes back its investment from a less profitable company. Actually MA&D (Merger, Acquisition and divestiture) is a common process these days. The main motive behind is to increase profits and decline losses for the company.Say for instance if a company finds buying another company to be very beneficial in its upgradation process, increasing profitability or declining costs than that company can go for Acquisition or taking over of that company. Similarly due to high competition when some companies of same field, find it difficult to reduce the cost of production, logistics and marketing than few companies can come together in a contract or merge themselves in one big unit. Thus merger helps the companies to reduce their costs and increase the profitabil ity. Divestment is another common process these days.Actually those companies, which are not yielding enough of profits to the Parent Company or may be proving to be a big loss for the parent company, can be divested by the Parent Company. Thus by selling its shares from a weak or loss incurring unit a company can save its money. MA&D process. 2. MA&D process and its success: The present research shows that nearly 65 percent to 85 percent of corporate MA&D process fails. This process results in well short of expectations. The features of MA&D in the present day scenario are as follows. 1. The deals made are getting bigger thus increasing the scale of risk and reward. 2.To attain immediate gains from the big deals made by the companies, the opportunities gets missed that could capitalize on synergies that will deliver sustained, long term financial improvements and stake holders value. 3. The announcement of MA&D results many times in confusion both inside and outside the company, wh en the executives are a unable to institutionalize a governance process that can maintain momentum through integration. 4. Government institutions creates hurdle in the way of those MA&D process which could prove monopoly of a basic need products that could later on effect the price fixation monopoly by that company.Thus, today MA&D process is moving towards higher risks, lower productivity, confusion and government intervention. Success in the MA&D process: MA&D process. 3. The possible methods of getting successful in the MA&D process are suggested below. A. Post merger integration, business re-engineering and post divestiture separation present such an opportunity by which a person can estimate all the fields that could effect the business profitability in future. B. MA&D process needs to be planned and managed as well-structured hierarchical set of activities from beginning to the end. C.System Integration and outsourcing can help in leveraging MA&D activity to deliver results-d riven, sustainable operational transformation. D. Define and deploy a course of action appropriate for the type of MA&D like consolidation, combination, transformation or preservation. E. Plan and implement the transition to an optimized business model and infrastructure. F. Manage, operate and evolve the new applications and infrastructure. G. Identifying potential synergies in terms of people, process and IT and delivers these to plan. H. Ensure seamless separation of systems and data.MA&D process. 4. I. Rationalizes and streamlines infrastructure and processes. Thus from the above the following critical factors for success can be evaluated. 1. Clear intent 2. Perseverance 3. Leadership 4. Accountability 5. Leverage 6. Coordination 7. Experience 8. Focus 9. Decisiveness 10. Communication Present day scenario: The present figures state that nearly 65 percent of the failed in the MA&D process. Reason was overlooking of some features. The success and failure of the MA&D depends on th e following facts that need to be dealt carefully. MA&D process. 5.That is if the following facts are taken into consideration than only the MA&D process can prove to be beneficial for the company. Otherwise MA&D process can prove to be big mistake. 1. IT integration efforts make MA&D difficult: ERP or Enterprise resource planning applications like SAP has become ubiquitous in large organizations today. The promise is business process simplification, enhanced productivity and seamless information transfer. However these applications also require that businesses be wired together, typically through a single, unified database and other infrastructure.This of course, means individual businesses are far more difficult to separate. For instance , when Pfizer divested its Adam and Schick units, significant effort went toward figuring out how to separate data of the entities while blocking access to each other’s information. 2. Support services and facilities are hard to unravel: Ac hieving scale through shared support services and joint facilities is a broad trend in the business community. The more successful a company has been at this the greater difficulty it will face unwinding these collaborations. One big part of this is staff allocation.The trend toward shared support services has extended through general and administrative functions, call centers, account payable and receivable, payroll administration, and compensation and benefits plan management. MA&D process. 6. Carving out pieces of these integrated functions carries real challenges. 3. Outsourcing adds third party issues to MA&D: Not only are organizations centralizing they are outsourcing as well. In some way this may ease the process of separation, as the organization no longer owns the employees, systems and processes. Outsourcing firms are also very good at splitting workflow.If only it were that simple. In addition numerous perhaps hundreds of vendor relationships, outsourcing generally invol ves processes that are critical to a company’s core businesses. Therefore divesting a unit with significant outsourcing substantially increases the need for a rigorous review of services agreements to understand change of control provisions and to assess how service will continue going forward. 4. The divested business may require long term support: Until the divested business is prepared to stand on its own or is fully supported by the buyer it likely will need support from its former parent.Establishing clear service level agreements or SLAs between the buyer and the seller is critical. For highly integrated global businesses this can leas to country by country agreements, each involving dozens of services such as facilities management, back offices support and sales and manufacturing. MA&D process. 7. Conflicting interest can complicate the SLA process. For example depending on the situation the selling organization may have incentive to either prolong or limit the time fr ame on which these services will be provided. 5.Disruption threatens both seller and divested entity: Like a merger in reverse, a MA&D done right requires a plan detailed across every function, carefully monitored and adjusted as execution unfolds. This is a major project. Developing the separation plan often requires three-way collaboration between the seller and its remaining businesses, the divested unit itself, in some cases the buyer. The complexity of managing this separation planning across every function of the business and across the globe can rapidly absorb all attention of the businesses.The real danger here is underestimating just how much effort this will require. 6. The MA&D can impact the seller’s cost structure: Once the seller has carved out the divested business, it may well need to take another look at its own cost structure. In some cases, there can be loss of scale in areas where work was combined with the divested business. In the earlier, Pfizer example , customer service employees who had supported the divested Adams businesses were rationalized because the buyer, Cadbury Schweppes, did not require their services.MA&D process. 8. However this did not fully make up for the loss of scale. It took additional work with the customer service model, automating orders and other improvements to get the cost structure back in line. 7. Regulatory requirements can force your hand: Regulatory requirements on both local and global levels often create additional complexities. For example, MA&D may be required to resolve anti-trust concerns for a merger transaction. In these situations an organization may have to give up capabilities it would otherwise no elect to relinquish.As part of the Linde-Boc merger, regulators required that Northern American business be divested and operate as a stand-alone business, forcing Linde-BOC to part with both capabilities and people it would otherwise want to retain. Similarly in MA&D with European components, n egotiation with world’s councils on a country by country basis can lengthen the MA&D process and create additional constraints. Conclusion: Mergers, acquisitions and divestiture (MA&D) can make or break your business. And more and more organizations are looking to these initiatives to deliver quick and dramatic financial returns. 006 clocked up a staggering $4 trillion worth of deals, representing an average 30% growth, while the average deal size is also rocketing. MA&D process.9. As the merger wave rolls on, it is clear that many companies are taking this opportunity to divest non-core businesses. After all were in an active markets and there’re plenty of buyers- financial and strategic –sitting on hordes of cash and looking for attractive deals. However before moving to cash in on businesses you think will be attractive it is worth taking a hard look at the process of MA&D. Whether its an out fright sale or even a spin off to shareholders.Does all these means MA&D is a bad idea? Of course not . I many cases they are absolutely the right things to do. The trick is to be aware of the seven challenges in advance, and all seven are equally valid for MA&D of every size and use that knowledge when assessing any proposed transaction. There are many assessments to be made. 1. How much of the business to sell? 2. Could a strategic buyer more appropriate than a financial buyer? 3. Which is better an MA&D or a spin off? Truly understanding answers to these questions can help a seller get the very best deal in the broadest sense of the term.

Back Titration Essay

Synopsis The objective of this experiment is to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate,CaCO3 in toothpaste using back titration technique. A known weight portion of toothpaste is obtained to react with known volume and concentration of standard acid solution. After completing the reaction, the resulting solution containing excess acid is back titrated with known volume and concentration of standard base solution. Determination of excess acid after reaction allow us to calculate the amount of acid react with CaCO3 in toothpaste sample. My result for this experiment shows that 19.6% of calcium carbonate presents in toothpaste sample. In conclusion,CaCO3 only made up approximately one fifth of toothpaste sample, toothpaste derived from a variety of component such as fluoride, water and detergent. Since the result obtained approaching 20%, saying that most of the error is avoided, the chemical reaction in this experiment is rapid and complete with no side reaction, determination of concentration of reactant is accurate, it is a successful experiment. Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to improve the understanding of practical application of back titration. Back titration is designed to resolve the problems encountered with forward titration. Back titration can be used for many reasons: when the analyte is volatile or insoluble in water; when the analyte contains impurities that interfere with forward titration; when the end point is difficult to identify in forward titration; when the analyte react slowly with titrant in forward titration.In this experiment, a weighted portion of toothpaste is analysed to determine the percentage by mass of CaCO3 present in the toothpaste sample. Back titration technique is applied in this experiment instead of forward titration.This is because the substance being analysed, toothpaste is insoluble in water but soluble in acid. Theory Titration is the scientific techinique of volumetric analysis used to determine the concentration of unknown solution which involves the direct and stepwise addition of standard titrant to the analyte until the reaction  reach neutralization.Back titration is also a kind of titration.It is called titration done in reverse because it is not carried out with the solution whose concentration of substance being analysed is required to be known as in the case of normal titration.In figuring out the concentration of an analyte(toothpaste,CaCO3),back titration works by reacting the analyte with a known number of moles of excess intermediate reactant(hydrochloric acid,HCl). The reaction goes past the equivalence point. The amount of intermediate reactant is in excess in the reaction with analyte.The resulting mixture containing excess of intermediate reactant is then titrated back with known volume and concentration of titrant(sodium hydroxide,NaOH). Knowledge of stoichiometry of the react ion allow the concetration of the analyte in the original solution related to the amount of reagent used. Procedure Materials was prepared and equipment was cleaned with distilled water if necessary.10 ml of 0.16M of standard HCl was measured and pipetted into a clean conical flask. Approximately 0.1-0.2g of toothpaste was removed using a glass rod from the container and the exact weight of toothpaste sample was recorded. The glass rod with weighted toothpaste was placed in the conical flask which contained 10ml of 0.16M of standard HCl. Toothpaste was dislodged completely from the glass rod into the conical flask. About 10ml of deionised water was added to wash down the toothpaste from the glass rod.A funnel was inserted in the flask and the flask was gently heated to boil over a hot plate for 3-5 minutes until the reaction was complete. The funnel and the side wall of the flask was rinsed with small amount of deionised water. The mixture in the flask was allowed to cool to room temperature.A clean graduated burette was prepared and the inside of burette was rinsed with NaOH solution. Rinsing procedure was repeated.The graduated burette was filled with excess amount of 0.08M NaOH solution. Some solution was allowed to drain out through stopcock to a waste beaker.The burette was clamped securely to a retord stand.1-2 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to conical flask and it was swirled. The conical flask was placed under the burette.The initial burette reading was read and recorded.To begin titrating the excess HCl with NaOH, The stopcock was opened all the way and  the flask was swirled.As the end point was approached, the rate of addition of HCl into the NaOH was decreased to drop by drop.The end point reached when the colour of mixture changed from red or pink to orange.The final burette reading of NaOH solution was read and recorded.The titration was repeated twice.